Human Behavior and the Enviroment Unit 2 Discussion Research Paper

Human Behavior and the Enviroment Unit 2 Discussion - Research Paper Example Most women are ignorant on the significance of an excellent and regular prenatal care (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2007). They do not make arrangements, and if they do, they ignore them. This is common with girls who have no experience in childbirth. Scarcity of qualified doctors has led to women being put on hold due to extensive waiting lists (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2007). In addition, when mothers get a chance to visit, they find long lines at the clinics. This frustrates the pregnant women who have other places to be. Prenatal care for the mother and the child lessens a lot of threats that could occur during delivery, and after. At a prenatal clinic, a mother will be directed on the diet, for example, intake of folic acid condenses prospects of abnormalities. In addition, the right diet will guarantee the child grows at the normal, healthy rate. The public need to be aware of the significance of prenatal care, thus health specialist, can use the following ways. Firstly, they could initiate campaigns to create awareness all over the country, and advertise it thoroughly. Secondly, experts should learn to treat mothers with trust and comfort, since some women fear medical procedures. Lastly, the professionals can join forces with film makers, and authors to film documentaries, and publish books on pregnant

Scientific method Essay Example for Free

Scientific method Essay In recent years, there has been an increased interest in angels. As Christian ministers, it is critical that we have an adequate biblical understanding of angels and be able to utilize discernment when dealing with angelic encounters. A parishioner at Oak Hill Uni Xerox Case Study Analysis Xerox Case Study Analysis The challenge facing Xerox and its management is complex, challenging and probably not unique. The company had been dependent on its highly trained sales force to turn a profit on their existing products and had not focused on new product opportunities until the develop Premium 1039 Words 5 Pages Case Study Case Study Analysis Summary ABC, Inc. recruiter Carl Robins has been given the task of recruiting new hires for his company. With only a few months experience himself, Carl has hired 15 new employees to work for Monica Carrolls. Carls responsibilities include organizing information and prepa Premium 825 Words 4 Pages Tylenol Case Study. Tylenol Case Study The discipline of public relations is a modern profession which has been in existence for only close to a century; however, it has already taken an important role in the fields of business, government, entertainment and non-profit organizations including educational institutions Premium 1457 Words 6 Pages Case Study, Sas Institute Inc. Case Study, SAS Institute Inc. The management culture is a very important factor in the imprinting of a company: it shapes the relationship between working environment and employee satisfaction. I will answer a few questions regarding the SASs particular strategy of running the business in which t Premium 1085 Words 5 Pages Case Study Executive Summary Background Carl Robins, the new campus recruiter for ABC, Inc. recruited several new hires in early April to work for Monica Carrolls, the Operations Supervisor. He scheduled the new hire orientation to take place June 15, with all the new hires working by July. On May 15, Carl Premium 1203 Words 5 Pages Case Study Analyses: the Gap, Inc. The central purpose of writing this Case Study Analyses on The Gap, Inc. is to identify and isolate key issues and their underlying implications and offer practical solutions and plans for implementing those solutions. This will be done by highlighting the social influences that influence the G Premium 1676 Words 7 Pages Case Study Anaylsis Case study analysis In large companies there is a huge amount of production that relays on communication between employees and managers. The employees involved with the companies must also posses good organizational skills in order to keep all of the tasks in order for a great turn out at the end Premium 843 Words 4 Pages Case Study: Halliburton Corp. and the Issue of Politics Case Study: Halliburton Corp. and the issue of politics. This case study examines Halliburton Corps current strategy for expanding operations in the Libyan oil market in respect to choosing locations overseas, and integrating successfully with the local community.

Foul Play :: essays research papers

Foul Play Dear Members of the Board of the National Collegiate Association of America:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of collegiate athletics, there have been student-athletes whose actions are considered disproportionately deviant. College athletes have defied the rules and regulations set forth by the National Collegiate Association of America by such acts as accepting stipends, committing date rape, abusing drugs, and even committing homicide. For some reason, college athletes believe they are above the law and should not have to abide by the same set of rules as a normal student, because of their athletic talent. As a former NCAA Division II football player, I can attest to the feeling athletes have that they deserve special treatment because of their status. There are some people who believe that college athletics is above reproach, but the purpose of this essay is to assert the statement that college athletics is corrupt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Year after year, college athletes make the headlines of newspapers and magazines across the country, not only for their accomplishments on the field, but more for their antics off the field. College athletes sacrifice their bodies, integrity, and character to gain an advantage over their opponent. Athletes give up the very things that make them who they are to feel appreciated by their coaches, teammates, and fans. Players cheat by taking anabolic steroids and other banned substances that give them a chemically induced physical advantage (Eitzen 3). Athletes desire to be identified with a team that works and sacrifices together to reach a common goal. The guestion we should ask ourselves is: Why? Why do individuals give up so much to be a part of a team? The answer lies within the organization of how big-time college sport exists. Fans are drawn to big sporting events such as the Super Bowl and the World Series. College athletes want to be in that spotlight, and t hey sacrifice everything to gain that status. Fans are consumed by sports. USA Today, the most widely read newspaper in the United States, devotes one-fourth of its space to sport (14). Fans know every detail about their beloved sports team. Not only the latest box scores, but also the win-loss record, point spread, current statistics, play-off probabilities, and biographical information about athletes and coaches (16). College sports appeal to the general public, young and old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At a very young age, aspiring college athletes are taught the principles of sport and how much winning really means.

Safe Alternative to Toxic Chemicals Used in Agriculture :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Safe Alternative to Toxic Chemicals Used in Agriculture    "Let the earth bring forth vegetation: every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree on earth that bears fruit with its seed in it. ‘And so it happened: the earth brought forth every kind of plant that bears seed and every kind of fruit tree on earth that bears fruit with its seed in it. God saw how good it was’" (Genesis 1:11-12). The world once consisted of a "Garden of Eden" where all was good and pure. Weather or not you believe in the Catholocists theory of how the earth was created is irrelevant. What we do know from research, technology, and tradition among cultures is that there was a period of time, in the beginning of time, where productivity did not rely on the "necessities" of a modern world. Although the world of technology has improved many aspects of the lives of humans and other fortunate creatures on this earth, it is also causing the destruction and extinction of other entities. The good earth that once occupied the land of this existing world is one of the unfortunate recipients of tragedy caused by the advancements of the improving world we live in. We live in an environment that is altered in every way by man. Every piece of material used each day is contaminated from humans trying to "improve" the normal lifestyle. This community we live in is no longer a natural one due to the products being used and the food being processed. Through the destruction of man, by man, an increase of deaths by serious illness has expanded. Humans should have reason to question the causes of these fatalities. The solution to this problem needs to be sought. It is pertinent that we educate ourselves and take interest in what is happening to the earth in order to ensure our future. The first goal that needs to be met is to determine and evaluate the chemicals that exist in the agricultural environment. Certain criteria such as evaluating statistics of illness and death caused by these chemicals, how government officials are regulating pesticidal use, and establishing alternative methods of living need to be included when evaluating this dilemma. The Industrial Revolution although a time of immense prosperity for the United States brought such inventions and chemicals to society that changed the world forever. The chemical and pesticide use on crops after World War I also contributed to the decline of the quality of

Patriots vs. Loyalists: Impacts on the outcome of the American Revolution

The American Revolutionary War, from 1775 to 1783, was predominantly fought between two groups of people – the Patriots and the Loyalists. In general, both the Patriots and Loyalists were culturally identical, such as speaking the same language, wearing the same clothes, and going to the New World with the same goal – to seek a better life. Then why did the two groups fight against each other during the war? Initially, when the First Continental Congress met and protested against Great Britain’s rule, the colonists had no intention to become independent from the crown but only wanted their rights to be recognized.After the French and Indian War, British enforcement gradually became stricter through acts that were placed on the colonies, which eventually led to the recognition and division between the Patriots and Loyalists. Those who favored the idea of independence and wanted to be free from British rule were known as the Patriots, whereas those who supported th e British and remained loyal to the crown were known as the Loyalists.Overall, the different characteristics that made up the Patriots and Loyalists, the individual support towards their respective sides of the war, and each of their motivations and beliefs greatly impacted the ultimate outcome of the Revolution. Although the Patriots and Loyalists were culturally similar within the colonies, there were many additional characteristics that defined the differences between the two. The Patriots were generally wealthy, better educated, and merchants who didn’t rely on trade with England.They were capable of financially supporting themselves by having the â€Å"plantation owners trade [their produce] within the colonies and the merchants using smuggling among other countries besides Great Britain† (Beverly). Though the Patriots didn’t have to depend on the English to maintain their economy, they suffered greatly because Parliament enacted many indirect taxes, and th en later on creating direct taxes such as the Stamp Act, which were paid by the colonists. The colonists reacted with great fury and annoyance to this British action.In contrast, the Loyalists population usually consisted of government officials, those who had family residing in England, and were wealthier than the Patriots. Since they generally had more money, they were not highly affected by the British taxes imposed on them throughout the years, which the Patriots evidently suffered significantly. Likewise, the Loyalists didn’t have the same hatred towards the British than the Patriots had. This, in response, boosted the Patriots’ motive to fight which eventually helped them win the war.In addition to the different characteristics that made up the population of the Patriots and the Loyalists, each of their contributions to the war impacted the outcomes in a tremendous way. Without the support of the common patriotic â€Å"†¦ men and women in the colonies, such as farmers, lawyers, merchants, ministers, and shopkeepers, their struggle for independence would have failed† (Beverly). These people were the ones that supported the economy, kept it running, and provided supplies to the soldiers fighting in the war.The Loyalists also provided supplies such as armory, gunpowder, and food to the British soldiers and fought alongside with them. Though colonial Loyalists were able to fight alongside with British soldiers, they were only able to assist alongside the soldiers because the British often looked down upon the colonists. Moreover, in order to win the war, the Patriots were willing to â€Å"experience suffering, endurance and perseverance necessary for both the military and supporting civilians† (Dillon). If they were short of this â€Å"will†, it would have been extremely difficult for them to achieve victory.Even though the features of each group and their support in the war effort were significant, the motivations and beliefs of the Patriots and Loyalists made the utmost impact on the outcome of the war. The Patriots were furious because they were forced to pay high taxes to support a government abroad that they had no part or say in, and paying higher taxes than some of the other British colonies to finance England’s wars with France (Allen). They believed the monarch was systematically unjust because they were being treated unfairly and were forced upon many things without their own consent.However, the Loyalists also had their own beliefs because they thought cutting all ties with their â€Å"mother country† will lead to a democratic society led by the Patriots, who were –in their eyes- violent, immoral, and not suitable to make political decisions. The Loyalists believed that without England’s protection, the colonies might not be able to militarily defend themselves and other nations will eventually invade them and take over, if they don’t prevent the Patr iots from losing. Nevertheless, the Patriots had something the Loyalists did not, determination and the drive to keep on fighting until they had reached their goal – freedom.On top of the resentment the Patriots felt, they had a strong ambition to fight until the last soldier standing died, unlike the Loyalists, who were primarily set out to collect money for the king and only determined by greed. It can be argued that the only reason why the Patriots had won the war was because they had aid from the French towards the end of the war. However, this is false because the Patriots had great morale as a whole and unlimited determination to fight till the very end, and strong leaderships such as George Washington and John Adams to keep every individual motivated as they fought against the Loyalists.Therefore, it was not only the French’s help that led to the demise of British rule in the colonies. Ultimately, the Patriot’s victory in the American Revolution was great ly impacted by the Loyalist’s decision to maintain their loyalty and the Patriots’ desire for independence. The two groups differed in separate areas such as general characteristics as a whole, strategies in supporting the war effort, and beliefs to follow that subsequently led to the British’s failure.

Biography of Daniel Webster, American Statesman

Biography of Daniel Webster, American Statesman Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782–October 24, 1852) was one of the most eloquent and influential American political figures of the early 19th century. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives, in the Senate, and in the executive branch as the Secretary of State. Given his prominence in debating the great issues of his day, Webster was considered, along with  Henry Clay  and  John C. Calhoun, a member of the Great Triumvirate. The three men, each representing a different region of the country, defined national politics for several decades. Fast Facts: Daniel Webster Known For: Webster was an influential American statesman and orator.Born: January 18, 1782 in Salisbury, New HampshireParents: Ebenezer and Abigail WebsterDied: October 24, 1852 in Marshfield, MassachusettsSpouse(s): Grace Fletcher, Caroline LeRoy WebsterChildren: 5 Early Life Daniel Webster was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire, on January 18, 1782. He grew up on a farm, and worked there during the warm months and attended a local school in the winter. Webster later attended Phillips Academy and Dartmouth College, where he became known for his impressive speaking skills. After graduation, Webster learned the law by working for a lawyer (the usual practice before law schools became common). He practiced law from 1807 until the time he entered Congress. Early Political Career Webster first attained some local prominence when he addressed an Independence Day commemoration on July 4, 1812, speaking on the topic of the war, which had just been declared against Britain by President James Madison. Webster, like many in New England, opposed the War of 1812. He was elected to the House of Representatives from a New Hampshire district in 1813. In the U.S. Capitol, he became known as a skillful orator, and he often argued against the Madison administrations war policies. Webster left Congress in 1816 to concentrate on his legal career. He acquired a reputation as a highly skilled litigator and argued several prominent cases before the U.S. Supreme Court during the era of Chief Justice John Marshall. One of these cases, Gibbons v. Ogden, established the scope of the U.S. governments authority over interstate commerce. Webster returned to the House of Representatives in 1823 as a representative from Massachusetts. While serving in Congress, Webster often gave public addresses, including eulogies for Thomas Jefferson and John Adams (who both died on July 4, 1826). He became known as the greatest public speaker in the country. Senate Career Webster was elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 1827. He would serve until 1841, and would be a prominent participant in many critical debates. Webster supported the passage of the  Tariff of Abominations  in 1828, and that brought him into conflict with John C. Calhoun, the intelligent and fiery political figure from South Carolina. Sectional disputes came into focus, and Webster and a close friend of Calhoun, Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, squared off in debates on the floor of the Senate in January 1830. Hayne argued in favor of states rights, and Webster, in a famous rebuttal, forcefully argued for the authority of the federal government. The verbal fireworks between Webster and Hayne became something of a symbol for the nations growing divisions. The debates were covered in detail by newspapers and watched closely by the public. As the  Nullification Crisis  developed, Webster supported the policy of  President Andrew Jackson, who threatened to send federal troops to South Carolina. The crisis was averted before violent action took place. Webster opposed the economic policies of Andrew Jackson, however, and in 1836 he ran for president as a Whig against  Martin Van Buren, a close political associate of Jackson. In a contentious four-way race, Webster only carried his own state of Massachusetts. Secretary of State Four years later, Webster again sought the Whig nomination for president but lost to  William Henry Harrison, who won the election of 1840. Harrison appointed Webster as his Secretary of State. President Harrison died a month after taking office. As he was the first president to die in office, there was a controversy over presidential succession in which Webster participated.  John Tyler, Harrisons vice president, asserted that he should become the next president, and the  Tyler Precedent  became accepted practice. Webster was one of the cabinet officials who disagreed with this decision; he felt that the presidential cabinet should share some of the presidential powers. After this controversy, Webster did not get along with Tyler, and he resigned from his post in 1843. Later Senate Career Webster returned to the U.S. Senate in 1845. He had tried to secure the Whig nomination for president in 1844 but lost to longtime rival Henry Clay. In 1848, Webster lost another attempt to get the nomination when the Whigs nominated  Zachary Taylor, a hero of the  Mexican War. Webster was opposed to the spread of slavery to new American territories. In the late 1840s, however, he began supporting compromises proposed by Henry Clay to keep the Union together. In his last major action in the Senate, he supported the  Compromise of 1850, which included the Fugitive Slave Act that was highly unpopular in New England. Webster delivered a highly anticipated address during Senate debates- later known as the Seventh of March Speech- in which he spoke in favor of preserving the Union. Many of his constituents, deeply offended by parts of his speech, felt betrayed by Webster. He left the Senate a few months later, when  Millard Fillmore, who had become president after the death of Zachary Taylor, appointed him as Secretary of State. In May 1851, Webster rode along with two New York politicians, Senator William Seward and President Millard Fillmore, on a train trip to celebrate the new Erie Railroad. At every stop across New York State crowds gathered, mostly because they were hoping to hear a speech by Webster. His oratory skills were such that he overshadowed the president. Webster tried again to be nominated for president on the Whig ticket in 1852, but the party chose General Winfield Scott at a  brokered convention. Angered by the decision, Webster refused to support Scotts candidacy. Death Webster died on October 24, 1852, just before the general election (which Winfield Scott would lose to  Franklin Pierce). He was buried in Winslow Cemetery  in  Marshfield, Massachusetts. Legacy Webster cast a long shadow in American politics. He was greatly admired, even by some of his detractors, for his knowledge and speaking skills, which made him one of the most influential political figures of his time. A statue of the American statesman stands in New Yorks Central Park. Sources Brands, H. W. Heirs of the Founders: the Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants. Random House, 2018.Remini, Robert V. Daniel Webster: the Man and His Time. W.W. Norton Co., 2015.

Blacks migrated to the North

Blacks migrated to the North for many of the following reasons; Treatment of Blacks in the South was horrible. The courts were unjust and failed to seek convictions in the unfair lynching of Blacks. Blacks had close to no privileges because of tough and unfair segregation laws. After the depression in the South, lasted from 1914-1915, wages dropped to be no higher that $.75 per day. At the same time agents from the North were persuading Blacks to migrate. This was because the immigration numbers dropped from 1 million to 300,000 that year. Finally between the summer flood of 1915 and the boll weevil to cotton crops of 1915 and 1916, Blacks felt a better life could be sought in the North. The migration was upsetting to both the White Southerners and Northerners. The South was falling apart. There were no plantation workers or house servants. Intimidation was used as a way to scare the Blacks into staying in the South. Equality was even offered as a way to convince Blacks to remain in the South. Finally, migration agencies were assessed a $1,000 license fee. Blacks were not exactly welcomed in North. Rioting in the North was just as viscous and recurrent as it was in the South. Some towns tolerated blacks settling there, others did not. Syracuse, Ohio forbade any blacks to settle there. It was assumed that Blacks would decrease wages in the North. Employers had to constantly mediate conflict between the white and black factory workers. Blacks experienced segregation in the North as well; Blacks were forced to live in sectioned areas of most towns. The living conditions were unfair. Recreation facilities were segregated or simply did not permit th! e entrance of blacks at all. As Blacks migrated so did the Klu Klux Klan, they wanted to ensure that the Negro knew its place no matter where they lived.

Tourism in Rwanda is rapidly increasing since the genocide that took place in 1994. The WritePass Journal

Tourism in Rwanda is rapidly increasing since the genocide that took place in 1994. Chapter I: Tourism in Rwanda is rapidly increasing since the genocide that took place in 1994. Chapter I: 1.0 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND1.1: General introduction1.2: Background to the study, history of Tourism in Rwanda1.3: Rwanda’s Tourism Economy1.3.1: Is Tourism a key factor in the Rwandan Economy?  1.3.2:  What is Rwanda’s main source of income?1.4: Aims and Objectives1.4.1: Aims.1.4.2: Objectives.Chapter II:  2.0: Literature Review2.2: Below are the frameworks that show different types of strategic planning models2.3: Five basic strategic planning models that are mostly likely to be used in tourism organisations2.3.1: Basic strategic planning model2.3.2: Issue based planning2.3.3: Alignment Model2.3.4: Scenario planning model2.3.5: â€Å"Organic† or Self-Organising planning modelChapter 3: Methodology3.1: Introduction to the chapter3.2: Using secondary data3.3: types of secondary data used in an organisation3.3.1: Documentary secondary data: 3.3.2: Survey-based secondary data:  3.3.3: Multiple-source secondary data:  3.4: Advantages and Disadva ntages of Secondary data3.4.1: Advantages of Secondary data3.4.2: Disadvantages of Secondary data3.5: Evaluation of the main tourism master plan of Rwanda and what it consists3.5.1: Strategies that was setChapter 4:  Findings4.1: Analysing different models4.1.1: Destination management plan:4.1.2: Tourism action plan: 4.1.3: Alignment model:4.1.4: Scenario planning model: 4.2: what are the strategic plans of Tourism in Rwanda?4.3: SWOT analysis Rwanda4.4   The main role of Gorillas and its contribution toward the economy of Rwanda4.4.1: Benefits of Gorillas towards the Government of Rwanda4.4.2: Gorilla naming ceremony4.4.3: images of the Gorillas at the event of KWITA IZINA in Mountain RangesChapter 5: Conclusion/Recommendation5.1: Will tourism in Rwanda develop as planned by the government?5.2: Possible outcomesReferencesRelated Chapter I: 1.0 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND 1.1: General introduction Tourism in Rwanda is rapidly increasing since the genocide that took place in 1994. The country is full of history and natural beauty. There are many interesting sights to see, with many guided tours to choose from. Each tour group is led by an experienced guide that specialises in teaching others about the landscape and wildlife of Rwanda. There are plenty of expeditions to places like volcanoes, waterfalls and rainforests which are home to many different African animals. Rwanda is home to a huge diverse population of animals including gorillas and the largest natural park for Hippos some 20,000 are believed to be there. Although Rwanda is still a developing country it has quite a few hotels and its new international interest in tourism is giving it a comeback. Tourism is regarded as the fastest growing industry in the world. Rwanda was identified at the World Investment Conference in Geneva (WAIPA, 2005) as one of the countries in east Africa with a significant potential for developing tourism. Rwanda is a low income, landlocked and densely populated country in Africa. Tourism provides the best alternative for economic development to Rwanda which does not have mineral resources unlike most African countries. The development of tourism can contribute a lot to this country through reduction of the level of poverty, creation of job opportunities as well as contributing to the national income. However, the tourism industry in Rwanda is still in its early stages due to the 1994 war. Most of the parks re-opened in 1998/1999, and still concentrate on low volume of tourists. Until now Rwanda is not recognised among the known tourist destinations in Africa; it is believed to be a less developed place for tourists. This study presents barriers to to urism development in Rwanda as perceived by domestic and international tourists as well as workers in the tourism sector of Rwanda. The study was conducted in the four provinces of Rwanda and the capital city, Kigali. A quantitative design using two cross-sectional questionnaires was utilised to establish the opinions of the participants. A sample of 426 participants, including 68 international tourists, 182 domestic tourists as well as 176 workers in the tourism sector was selected to participate in the study. 1.2: Background to the study, history of Tourism in Rwanda Rwanda is country that used to be situated in Central Africa and now joined East Africa among the rest of the common wealth countries. According to the research from the tourist board of Rwanda which is RDB (Rwanda Development Board) suggests that ‘’Rwanda is popularly known as ‘the land of a thousand hills because of its many tourist attractions. The landscapes in this green country are truly incredible. A lot of people who had the chance to visit Rwanda have remarked the country as unique on the African continent. From East to West; and North to South, that you get to discover one of the Gods best creations with a holy climate’’. Rwanda is a small East African country, that draws visitors from all over the world, primarily to see its rare mountain gorillas. Rwanda faced a horrible genocide in 1994 which still has not been forgotten, the memorial museum in Kigali is a must-see. On the surface ‘’and highly encouraged by officials’’ the locals have decided to move on to better things, and now the country is seen to be peaceful and safe destination for visitors. Rwandas infrastructure is has improved a lot, since they were destroyed during the war. Most of the roads are paved which makes it easy to get around. The country has banned plastic bags and it certainly has kept it cleaner. Rwanda has shown strong responsibility in order to promote the tourism sector; the government developed a clear tourism master plan strategy which will help to market the destination successfully, they also involved the private sectors in the policy and in general improved the country’s business environment. The key factors and their role were to ensure that tourism becomes the main source of income/economy towards the government. Rwanda at glance. Country   What is made of? Rwanda Kigali Official language Kinyarwanda, French, English President H.E Paul Kagame Area 26,338 km squared water 5.3% Population (2009) 10,117,029 GDP (2010) 6% Source:   (Rwanda Development Board) Chat 1:   Map of Rwanda. Source:   (the holocaust centre, 2008) 1.3: Rwanda’s Tourism Economy Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in mainly subsistence agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa and is landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwandas breakable economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and battered the countrys ability to attract private and external investment. On the other hand, Rwanda has made significant progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded and price increases has been restrained. Despite Rwandas productive ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and obtained IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in 2005-06. Rwanda also received Mill ennium Challenge Account Threshold status in 2006. Kigalis high defence expenditures have caused pressure between the government and international donors and lending agencies. Energy shortages, insecurity in neighbouring states, and lack of passable transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap development. Rwanda’s economy still may be small and predominantly agricultural, but in recent years, with political stability, it has posted an impressive 9.9% GDP growth rate at the same time reducing inflation to 3.2% and currency depreciation to merely 6.5% per annum. Foreign exchange controls have been liberalized and the banking system is sound and successful. According to RDB mission statement or rather vision for the economy of the country, there vision for 2020 objective for combating poverty, Rwanda is embarking on a complete program of privatization and liberalization with a goal to attaining rapid and sustainable economic growth. This goal is to transform the economy from its 90% dependence on subsistence agriculture into a contemporary, largely based economic engine which they think will be welcoming to investors, creating employment and new opportunities which will benefit mostly the locals. 1.3.1: Is Tourism a key factor in the Rwandan Economy? Tourism is one of the key factors in the whole of the country’s economy but like other sectors, tourism was affected by the genocide 1994 but it is starting to experience a explosion due to the government’s new approach to work together with neighbouring countries which has an impact on the locals and the government.   1.3.2:  What is Rwanda’s main source of income? Rwanda is a rural country with about 90% of the population occupied mainly in subsistence agriculture. Subsistence means that people farm enough for themselves to live with the farmed agriculture but however not have enough to make income out of it and enjoy the luxury item that are taken for granted in the west. As Rwanda is landlocked, it has few natural resources and minor industry. 1.4: Aims and Objectives 1.4.1: Aims. To assess the strategies that are undertaken by the Government in order to increase tourism in Rwanda. 1.4.2: Objectives. To assess the role of Gorillas and its contribution toward the economy of Rwanda. To recommend on possible strategies in relation to the destination. Chapter II:   2.0: Literature Review Strategic planning is the set of processes that is undertaken in order to develop a variety of strategies that will contribute towards achieving the organizational direction. A wide range of definitions of strategic planning and models have been expressed within this literature review. Strategic planning is defined as a process that enables an organisation to obtain its goals and objectives. There are five general steps in the strategic planning process: goal/objective setting, situation analysis, alternative consideration, implementation and evaluation† (Crittenden and Crittenden, 2000). It has also been suggested by Robertson (1995) 199 that tourism companies/businesses which are behind manufacturing firms are in the use of strategic planning. Tourism organisations are to be no less important to the environmental threats than manufacturing organisations, it has been assumed that strategic planning are procedurally adopted by tourism companies and are of equal sophistication to those who used are by manufacturing organisations. Tourism researchers argue that tourism firms/organisations are mostly vulnerable to the environmental threats; this is however a study that was conducted by Rovelstad and Blazer who reports that tourism organisations wait behind manufacturing organisations in the strategic planning efforts. According to the finding of information in this journal, Robertson keeps on suggesting that people who set strategies view their products and their competitors’ products from the perspective of an objective outsider; he also suggests that it was argued that there are two types of externally orientated planning: which are strategic planning and strategic management. Therefore this means that when an a certain organisation views its external orientated planning, they allocate different resources to the programmes to achieve its business objectives in a self-motivated environment which therefore separates management function, then it is generally referred to as strategic planning. But on the other hand, if externally orientated planning is viewed as an integral part of the management function, it is then generally referred to as a strategic management. It’s been established that the marketing strategies to be used by organisations should be able to target overseas visitors, Taylor L, Allardyce M and Macpherson N (1992) 52 also suggest that it important to recognise the influencing variables which may in the long run have an affect towards the tourism product choices that maybe offered to these tourist coming from abroad. The above authors keep on suggesting that identification of motivating factors is not always straight forward and can conclude the main factors in an organisation’s marketing strategies which does not ensure success meaning that the strategies which the organisation decide to market on may not be successfull. A study by WTO (world tourism organisations) suggest that governments should be involved in tourism in order to follow these four main functions, coordinating, legislative, planning and financing. On top of that the WTO also identified the main five objectives of tourism development which the governments should be responsible for in the management of tourism, which are to fulfil the rights to leisure and holidays; to prepare citizens for tourism; to develop the economy through tourism; to increase social and cultural development and last but not to ensure that there is enough protection towards the nature.   According to the argument by Jenkins and Henry (1982) 499-521, they think that most developing countries, active government involvement in tourism is much required to compensate for the absence of a strong and a promising tourism experienced private sector. Baum (1994) 185 suggests that the formulation and implementation if tourism policies/strategies at a national level reflect a diversity of priorities and circumstances. Also Hartley and Hooper says this diversity when they state that ‘’public sector policy objectives which may be needed from tourism in order to include the creation of income and wealth; job creation; maintaining and the quality of life; maintaining and improving links both within and between nations; and contributing to the nation’s balance of payment position.’’ In consideration of a published national tourism policy documents positively confirms this as a multifaceted agenda, an example is given in chapter 4 of my findings, the Rwandan Tourist Board (ORTPN) introduced their objectives by providing a tourism master plan by stating that the policy must include the need to be able to sustain and promote the country’s culture and heritage, to be able to protect and enhance the p hysical environment of Rwanda and last but not to ensure that the economics and social well-being of the host community is maintained at a high standard. Fayos-sola (1996) 408 suggests that tourism policy huge impact and it should continue to be used in organisations and destinations. Fayos-sola continues to suggests that in most countries, tourism has not been truly integrated in economic policy, whereby many tourism organisations focus their strategies in a tourism communication policy, launching aggressive promotional programmes, where tourism administrations acting in greater or lesser coordination with private initiative or try to reach out a market niche for the tourism destination in question by making what is considered to be on occasion an amateurish use of communication tools.’’ These types of policy are likely to cause issues in terms of efficiency, this is because they regularly focus exceptionally on promotional methods and messages but rather not have enough on measuring and improving the issues that may occur. B.Teye (1992) 408 presents ‘’A normative strategic planning model for local tourism management and development. Table 1. This table above explains the planning framework that involves the preparation of an agreed agenda for strategic planning. This includes the identification of the participants, the establishment of structures which would enable them to undertake the process, the formulation of mission statements and objectives and the agreement of a time frame for the completion of the various planning stages. This model should enable a tourism organisation or destination to develop a clear vision of the nature of the local economy. B.Teye states that this model was put together 1990 December as strategic planning process with a public meeting in ishmore. 2.2: Below are the frameworks that show different types of strategic planning models The development of a strategic tourism plan for a destination is an expression of the strategic direction that has been acknowledged by stakeholders for the planning, development, management and marketing of an area. Strategic Plans for destinations has been called Destination Management Plans, Tourism Action Plans or Sustainable Tourism Plans in different areas around the world. Rwanda used all these types of strategic planning model in when drafting a tourism master plan. A strategic plan for destination management is important because it determines the success and the sustainability of a destination for the near future. Table 2. This diagram above identifies a performance measurement of an organisation; it also investigates the impacts of performance measurement in strategic planning. Performance measurement was found to be one of the four main factors that clearly show the modern practice of strategic planning. When evaluating the performance measurement, there are major influences in supporting the achievement of the company’s aims that they set and the effectiveness of its strategic planning process that were revealed at the end of the measurements. 2.3: Five basic strategic planning models that are mostly likely to be used in tourism organisations 2.3.1: Basic strategic planning model This process is followed by organisation that are really small, busy, and have not done much strategic planning before. The process might be implemented in the first year of the non-profit to get a sense of how planning is conducted, and then overstate in later years with more planning phases and activities in order to make sure well-rounded direction for the non-profit. Planning is usually carried out by top-level management. 2.3.2: Issue based planning   This is a process where Organisations that begin with the â€Å"basic† planning approach described above, regularly develop to using this more comprehensive and more effective type of planning. 2.3.3: Alignment Model The main purpose of this model is to certify strong alignment among the organisation’s mission and its resources to successfully operate the organisation. This model is very important for most organisations that need to adjust its strategies or even find out why they are not working. Most organisations might also choose this model if it is experiencing an outsized number of issues around internal efficiencies. The Overall steps in this model includes: The planning group outlines of the organisation’s mission, programs, resources, and needed support, Identifying what’s working well and what needs improvement within the organisation, Identifying how these improvement should be tackled. Last but not least include the improvements that were made as strategies in the strategic plan. 2.3.4: Scenario planning model This model is mostly used in combination/together with other models to make sure that the planners are seriously undertaking strategic thinking where by it will be useful, most especially in identifying strategic issues, aims and objectives. 2.3.5: â€Å"Organic† or Self-Organising planning model This model is identified as a traditional strategic planning. â€Å"Mechanistic† or â€Å"linear† are processes that are sometimes considered, for example they sometimes begin by conducting a broad assessment of the external and internal environments of the organization and also conducting a strategic analysis (â€Å"SWOT† analysis) as shown in chapter 4, this model would help reduce to identify and listing issues of developing exact strategies to deal with the specific issues taking place. Fayos-Sola.E, Marin.A and Meffert.C (1994) 13 suggests that tourism organisations must adapt to the new market conditions, improving their tourism information systems, and strengthening their company culture and other competitively useful business tools for the future. On the other hand they think such improvement must be made in permanent contact with the markets that are chosen with improvements which will help them enable to obtain competitive advantages and will also help to avoid others lead to unnecessary spending, inflexibility or even incorrect positioning. They then suggest that the strategic business decision-making task is very important in the new age of tourism which yet becomes more complex. The main point of this is that these needs no longer refer not only to sales function, or rather to the integrated marketing function. Most tourism companies/industries respond strategically to their competitive environment with the lowest information which helps gather costs and op timal possibilities for using a quick feedback mechanism. Athiyaman.A, (1995) 449 suggests that strategy implementation is the process or way of implementing a sound strategic decision that can make an ineffective or alternatively make a debatable strategy successful. The implementation process contains a series of activities which are primarily administrative.   Some of the activities include developing an information system that provides timely information on a variety of strategic activities to all apprehensive and rearranging the performance measurement and incentive systems in order to match the kind of behaviour needed for efficient strategy implementation. The boundary of tourism and strategy research will explored by way of a literature analysis which is conducted to be a major reason to assess the attempts made by researchers in order to understand the functioning of tourism businesses. Some other reasons include identifying the research gaps in tourism strategy research and lastly to highlight the possible areas of strategy rese arch that are open for examination. A strategic management model was chosen by Tregoe and Tobia in order to show that strategy has been used rather casually by both management authorities and executives which unfortunately seem to be the case in tourism.   There are four components that are involved in this model. These are: Analysing the environment this is where this part of the strategic management process needs research into two part or aspects of the environment: task or market environment and societal environments. Planning direction this part of model is concerned with determining the where the organisation is going in the future. In more words, determining the overall direction for the company where it’s heading to and want to be in the near future. Planning strategy- this is a process that deals with identifying ways of achieving the objectives. More often a number of alternative strategies are measured, for example simulation game theory, linear programming and st atistics are definitely used to select the optimal strategy. Implementing strategy- this is a process whereby once a strategy is selected, each of the operations within the company such as marketing, manufacturing and human resources is associated in a way as to be able to contribute toward the efficient implementation of strategy. Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2005:10) defined strategy as ‘the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a changing environment and to also fulfil stakeholder expectations’. This statement contrasts with views made by Ansoff (1969:7) that a set of management guidelines which specify the organisation’s product-market position, the directions which the company is looking forward to grow and change, the competitive tools it will employ within the business, the means of how they will enter the new markets, the manner in which it will build its resources, the strengths which it will look for in order to develop, on the contrary the weaknesses it will seek to avoid. Ansoff then rounds up by identifying what is strategy, he suggests that strategy is a concept of the firm’s business which then provides a unifying theme for all its activities. Tribe (1997) 110 suggests that there are generic strategies that are involved in porter’s model which are designed to promote a lasting competitive advantage for an organisation. The model is made up of three generic strategies which are cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Cost leadership strategy involves an organisation becoming the lowest cost provider within the industry. That one of the key ways to achieve this is by offering a basic, standardised, mass produced, no frills product or service with inessential aspects stripped out. A differentiation strategy is where by an organisation seeks product exclusivity. The company will then attempt to establish real products or perceived differences between its products and those of its competitors so that a premium price can be charged without loss of customers. The logic for this strategy is that an organisation will be an industry above average performer and that’s if the price premium exceeds the extra costs of providing differentiation. Lastly focus strategy this model mostly occurs where strategy is customised towards a particular market segment instead of the whole market and this may take the form of cost focus or differentiation focus. The following chapter will focus on different methods used, in order to complete this project:    Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1: Introduction to the chapter In this chapter, I am going to state down all the types of methodology that I will be using in this project. The main type of methodology that will useful to this project will be conducting a secondary data, whereby I will have use qualitative analysis, also analysing, identifying and evaluating what is in the main recent master plan of tourism in Rwanda. I will then use different analysis of series of findings found by different authors/researchers in textbooks, journals and other search engines which will include dissimilar internet sites. Continuously I will do a presentation of appropriate sources which will include statistical indexes, graphs and tables of my findings which will support the views of the literature review above and the personal assumptions on the subject that I am discussing within this project. The reason why I will not use primary data is because my subject area/business sector is Tourism in Rwanda where as it will be complicated for me to collect any informati on. Secondary data research is a method that is commonly used for data collection. It is used by most service organisations worldwide. The process of collecting data may involve accessing information that is already collected by the organisation that maybe seeking information within the company or sometimes by a distributor of primary data research. When collecting or on-going   secondary data   research, people tend to use third-party sources which may include internet websites, sales and accounting records, the press which may include news papers and magazines, last but not least, marketing research reports are commonly used. Internal and external sources can also be used following up a information that was put together by the marketers. (prescott, 2008) 3.2: Using secondary data Saunders. M, Lewis. P and Thornhill. A (2007) suggests that secondary data uses both raw data and published summaries. In most organisations/companies tend to collect and store a lot of data in order to support their on-going operations: for instance the company’s payroll details, copies of letters, minutes of meetings taken and accounts of sales of the company’s products and services, this helps the organisation know or even get track on where they stand. 3.3: types of secondary data used in an organisation They are different types of secondary data that most organisations can choose to use but most importantly they tend to consider Quantitative and Qualitative data which is used in most cases when collecting information. This data is used in both descriptive and explanatory research. Farther more, in collecting or use secondary data, most tourism organisation may consider Documentary, Survey-based and multiple-source secondary data research. 3.3.1: Documentary secondary data: Are sometimes used in research projects that may include using primary data collection methods. Nevertheless this type of research can be used by its own or with other supported secondary data sources, for instance, an organisation’s history research within its archival research strategy.   When using this data, the organisation uses written materials; e.g. notices, correspondence, minutes taken in the meetings, reports to shareholders, diaries, transcripts of speeches, administrative and public records which may include customer’s complaints etc. journals, newspapers, magazine articles and books are also included in this research. (Saunders.M, Lewis.P and Thornhill.A 2006) 3.3.2: Survey-based secondary data:   Are used to collect data, more especially when using a survey strategy which includes questionnaires that have been analysed by the company for their original purpose. This type of data is likely to not be used in a tourism industry because it is mostly used to collect data such as censuses, continuous or regular surveys or even Ad hoc surveys which is usually collected by the Government. I think it is not beneficial for any hospitality industry to use this type of data. (Saunders.M, Lewis.P and Thornhill.A 2006) 3.3.3: Multiple-source secondary data:   This type of data can be a documentary or a survey data. But on the other hand it can be combined together in order to form a data set. E.g. 800,000- 1,000,000 Tutsi minorities were killed in just 100 days. (Statistics on Rwanda, 2008) this data clearly indicates the statistics of all people who were killed in the Genocide that took place in the year of 1994 in Rwanda. (surf surviours fund, 2008) 3.4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary data 3.4.1: Advantages of Secondary data Easy to access information because the information required already exists, therefore it saves time. (Mark Saunders, 2007) Suggests that secondary data sometimes provide a source of data that is both permanent and available in order to be easy for the readers and researchers. Low cost to obtain meaning that it is a lot cheaper when collecting information compared to primary research. Can sometimes result in unforeseen discoveries meaning that it may allow you to access information or collect data that you could not otherwise get from anywhere else. Source: (prescott, 2008) 3.4.2: Disadvantages of Secondary data Access to data collection maybe difficult or expensive. Sometimes the information needed may not be available free of charge on the website or even not available in books etc, therefore the person that need the information may be need to either spend some money in order to gain access towards the information they may need, this can also include organisations. No control over data quality which means that you may have less control over how the data was collected. The data may be out of date which may result in misleading the researchers. 3.5: Evaluation of the main tourism master plan of Rwanda and what it consists The tourism master plan is very important because it outlines the strategies and plans that the Government want to implement or rather put in place in order to increase tourism in the country. RDB (Rwanda Development Board) developed a Tourism master plan that will enable them to transform the country into a leading tourist destination in the world. The aims of a master plan were to come up with strategies that will cover all the aspects of increasing tourism among the tourism industry in Rwanda. 3.5.1: Strategies that was set One of the strategies that they came up with was to improve infrastructure and facilities such as roads, hotel facilities, airports, shopping centres, tourist attractions and recreational facilities. Additional products and service to attract tourist besides the Mountain Gorillas which is known as the key tourism product of Rwanda. Improve customer service within the tourism industry. Human resources management and policy regulatory frameworks and competitiveness needed to be improved in order to attract more domestic and outbound tourists. (Times, 2009) Chapter 4:   Findings In this chapter I am going to present the findings of analysis models referring to Chapter 2. I will do this by analysing different models and also explain what the strategic plans of the Government of Rwanda are and how they are trying to implement these strategies in order to increase Tourism and how tourism strategies are prepared. Furthermore I will conduct a SWOT analysis and product development in order to show how the Government may tackle problems that may occur while trying to increase its tourism. Rwanda’s tourism sector has been a relatively fast growing part of the economy in the last 10 years especially the last quarter of the decade. Generally, the hospitality and tourism industry consists of two main sectors the Hospitality sector and the Travel and Tourism sector, each consisting of different sub-sectors and each consisting of specific jobs and job opportunities which require qualifications and skills obtained either through formal pre-service training or through continuous on-the-job and in-service training. Rwanda faced a horrible civil war that caused so many problems, besides killing over 800,000 to 1 million lives but also destroyed its tourism. Over the past years Rwanda has worked so hard in order to bring back its image. (Murangwa, 2010) 4.1: Analysing different models The types of strategies and models that Rwanda used when preparing a tourism strategic master plan are: Destination management plan, tourism action plan, Alignment model and Scenario planning model. 4.1.1: Destination management plan: As explained in chapter 2, destination management plan is used when preparing strategies of a destination. Rwanda used this type of strategy in order to determine the success of the country.   After the country lost its image straight after the war that took place in 1994, in order to gain its image as a destination, they had to come up with strategies that will help the country restore its name. For example, they had to make effort in developing a cleat tourism strategy, mainly focusing on high-end tourism with conservation as one of the main key. They also had to involve an international marketing campaign in order to be known abroad and make improvement towards the country’s image. 4.1.2: Tourism action plan: This model is very important to Rwanda because it helps them take action when preparing a strategic plan. They get to know what problems tourism is facing and they find solutions to the problems. An action plan or sustainable tourism plan also prepares to develop actions that will be taken in the near future in order to solve issues that may occur or may not go according to the strategies that were set during planning. 4.1.3: Alignment model:    This model is very important and useful for Rwanda when drafting a tourism master plan, this is because they were strategies that were set in order to improve tourism in Rwanda and the Government is following them, however they might come up with changes that they may find to be beneficial and that way they may include them. For example, the YouTube link shows how Rwanda will look like in 2020 whereas they didn’t not include all aspects that they will touch on when drafting the 2010 tourism master plan. Changes may occur when trying to meet up with the strategies. 4.1.4: Scenario planning model: Rwanda’s Tourist Board should be able to find this model very useful to them most especially when trying to implement strategies because they will be able to identify issues that may occur during the setting of the strategies or even after, then will be able to know what actions to take on solving the issues that may occur. Set aims and objectives may not go according to plan, so that is where this model is very useful. It helps the strategy planners plan ahead, meaning what actions to take if they do not meet there target goals that were set. 4.2: what are the strategic plans of Tourism in Rwanda? Currently Rwanda suffers from an under-resourced manpower in tourism and technical skills are limited. In the past the tourism legislation regulating and protecting the industry has been non-existent, which has undermined the country’s natural historic and cultural heritage. However in the last 6 years a master plan has been drafted to help address these issues as well as expands the industry. The country famously nicknamed ‘the land of a thousand hills’ which therefore makes it a destination for adventure tourism. Rwanda is blessed with a temperate climate supporting a range of fauna, and a flora beautiful scenery. Perhaps the most iconic of the being the heckling visits of the mountain gorillas, which at its peak had 17,000 visitors in 2008. Another of the future destination is the Lake Kivu, with a potential to be a major tourist amenity. Currently the road network in Rwanda is considered amongst the best in central and particularly the east of Africa. In the last 3 years the government has made optic fibre connectivity a priority installing more than 2500 km of fibre optics nationwide, making internet connectivity dependable. This in turn helps consolidate a reliable and productive tourism industry communication wise. Another of the government strategic plans is to increase investment in the leisure industry by increasing the number of hotels, resort and motel rooms, particularly on its (730 rooms) of available stock considered to be at international standard. The Government of Rwanda also managed to come up with a tourism policy/plan and they called it vision 2020. They implemented that the country should focus on preparing a recovery plan which will enable tourism to increase by restructuring the national tourist office in Rwanda and also ensuring that the private sector is strengthened in order to encourage eco-tourism. Since Rwanda is seen as a natural beautiful country. The policy also should include the development of the tourism sector which will lead to fair distribution of the country’s income. The tourism industry will have the responsibility of ensuring that the tourism sector adds on/contributes towards the creation of the image of Rwanda, since the country is known as a country that Genocide in 1994 which gave the country a bad image. The Government of Rwanda conducted a study on tourist arrival statistics in 2008 which indicated a substantial growth of the industry than previously assumed. With an estimate of around $600m per annum projected to be the annual revenues in a decade’s time, more than quadruple at current rates. For these figures to be achieved in the future, the focus of the government will not be only on the tourism sector but rather to diversify the wider economy. To do this the government is looking to develop the agri-business on an international scale, increasing manufacturing and in particular the service sector, to which tourism is the key sub-sector in regards to economic growth. The above stated that it will help the tourism sector with a growth rate of 4.8% annually to the year 2016. This is in line with the country’s vision 2020 to increase the services sector from 7% to 11%, of which 6.5% will be the tourism sector as mentioned above. (Economy Envestiment) Table: Rwanda’s economic growth. year percentage 2016 4.8%   2017 3.2%   2018 7%   2020 11% 6.5% is conducted to be the tourism sector. Source: Rwanda’s Economy and Investment. The banking and financial services also project strong growth as Rwanda aims to be the financial hub of central Africa and east Africa, for this to happen Rwanda is looking to out-perform African neighbouring countries with a growth rate of 5% per annum, especially starting from a much less development tourism segment. In figures this translates as $130million tourism receipts by 2012, excluding transit and others indicating a growth rate of 300% from 2007-2012. Another major asset in the tourism expansion has been the local population in particular individuals with a high net worth have been sensitised to the business opportunities in an expanding and dynamic tourism sector. On the international scale, the government has upped its marketing strategies by organising a major tourism investment forum in Kigali 2009 with official backing from the government. Thereafter a follow event up is to be mounted in the Middle East in one of the GCC states given the region’s interest in in vesting in major tourism assets in Africa, such as the Dubai world in Rwanda. High profile international assistance has also been sought by Rwanda to help mobilise investment flows in the tourism sector. An example is the former British prime minister who has in the past used his contacts in business to network on Rwanda’s behalf to attract investment within the country. 4.3: SWOT analysis Rwanda   Ã‚  Strengths.    1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Excellent tourist attractions. E.g. Mountain Gorilla 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Country is safe and friendly. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Excellent temperature throughout the year. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Colourful landscapes, mountains and lakes. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Excellent road networks.         Weaknesses    1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lack of quality tourism products and services. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rwanda can be an expensive destination. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poor development of cultural heritage. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Visitation to the national parks is quite expensive yet it’s poorly marketed. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poor customer service among staff in the tourism industry.      Opportunities.  Ã‚      1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Resorts and potential activities offered at the national parks. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rwanda is seen and also aims to be the financial hub of central Africa and east Africa. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Product and climate well suited to niche markets, e.g. people aged 50’s and over 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Increase of the country’s profile and economy. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bird-watching and wildlife experiences are seen to be available.   Threats  Ã‚      1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accidents affecting the Gorilla’s. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Destruction coming from built and natural heritage causing issues. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   High cost of imported products. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recession affecting some of the key markets in the country. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1994 Genocide still causing bad image to the country. Source: Rwanda’s Master Plan. 4.4   The main role of Gorillas and its contribution toward the economy of Rwanda Gorillas are the main key tourism product of Rwanda. It contributes a lot toward the economy of Rwanda. Mountain gorillas was made famous in the 1990’s after a release of a movie called ‘’the gorillas in the mist’’ in 1988 by an American zoologist and gorilla conservationist called Dian Fossey. Thereafter gorilla tourism became one of the major attractions that helped contribute towards the economy of the country/Government, but from 1991 to 1994 this tourist attraction didn’t have any use towards the economy because of the war. However after the war, when the country was stable, the Government of Rwanda did what it could possibly do in order to restore its economic sectors by putting the gorilla tourism before other attractions and that is how it became to be the main key product. Mountain gorillas are situated in one of the volcanoes National park of the country called Virunga. Mountain Gorillas is seen to play a critical ecological, economi c and political role for the Government of Rwanda. 4.4.1: Benefits of Gorillas towards the Government of Rwanda As mentioned above, gorilla tourism being put as a most important tourism product in the government’s strategy, it has benefited the country in so many ways, by promoting the country and conservation of natural environment which helped or lead to sustainable tourism development and decreasing poverty reduction of the community by providing job opportunities. In terms benefits towards the locals, the park has employment opportunities, so therefore it employs the locals as guides, trackers and rangers. Besides the locals, private sectors also benefit a lot, those that have restaurants and hotels around the park, this also helps the locals to gain employment, skills and experience in these hospitality sectors which has made a major improvement towards the living of the locals. Following up is the Gorilla naming events that takes place every year in Rwanda and put together by Rwandan Tourist Board. 4.4.2: Gorilla naming ceremony Gorilla naming ceremony/event was introduced in 2005 in order to create recognition/awareness for the conservation of the mountain Gorillas. This is a process where they give baby gorillas names. The event is called ‘’KWITA IZINA’’ each and every year this event takes place and every year it has a theme. 2010 KWITI IZINA theme was ‘’ Many Species, One planet, One Future’’. This event brings in a lot of international, regional and local visitors to Virunga mountain ranges where the gorillas live. This event is also beneficial towards the economy of the Government as it brings in a lot of tourist to the country. Another reason why this event takes place is ensure that the people of Rwanda and the international are able to participate in environmental protection and help look for possible solutions and ways to reduce incoming threats to biodiversity of the mountain ranges. This event also helps to promote the culture of Rwanda, durin g the event, speeches take place by the members of tourism committee, and Rwandan people are also able to explore their culture by dancing, singing and poem telling. Ever since this event was introduced, 103 baby gorillas have been named. In 2007 when this event launched, the director General ORTPN Rosette Rugamba, suggested that â€Å"The new event brand Identity has been developed to incorporate the evolution of the Gorilla naming event from a local event into an event of international stature while keeping a national identity that is distinctively Rwandese, and also she added on that every birth of the gorilla is a confirmation of a successful conservation and protection program that aims that one day it will achieve its principle objective of removing the mountain gorilla off the endangered species list. Source: (Rwanda office of Tourism and National Park, 2007) (Lawler, 2010) 4.4.3: images of the Gorillas at the event of KWITA IZINA in Mountain Ranges Image 1    Image 2    Image 3    Image 4    Source: (Lawler, 2010) Chapter 5: Conclusion/Recommendation To conclude this, the strategies that have been implemented by the government to increase tourism in Rwanda have had an impact on the government and the local people. The reason for this is because people that work in tourism organisation have been forced to take on the strategies that can help increase tourism, therefore employees and employers are trying to follow these strategies in order to see that Rwandan Government can increase its tourism, doing this will help the country be reorganised the developments/changes they have done in order to increase tourism in Rwanda. Following up on some of the strategies that the Government of Rwanda want to implement, such as country’s infrastructure, hotel facilities, tourist attractions and customer service within the tourism industry. After the strategies were put together on how to improve infrastructure, the roads were really bad, a lot of tourist were complaining, but now talking from experience, the roads are being maintained now and then since the country is working hard to ensure that they meet there aim for vision 2020.   For airports, the Government is currently building a national airport in a place called Nyamata which will be bigger than the one they had. Their main objective for this is to ensure that they promote and establish the new airport that is currently being built as a regional hub, last but not least to promote the development of air transport. Tourist attraction has been also improved and still improving straight after the policy was set. Rwanda has several attractions, the major one is the mountain Gorillas, the memorial sites, etc. Besides the gorillas being the main key tourism product of Rwanda but also the memorial site is seen to be another tourism product. The site also helps generate income towards the country and also has a huge impact on the locals who lost their relatives during the 1994 genocide. The main strategy for the memorial sites were to ensure that it is built and well maintained for both out-bound and in-bound tourists. The aim for building these sites in each region within Rwanda was to ensure that it is beneficial and it will help transform the lives of those who survived. Customer service within the tourism industry was one of the key issues that was raised and put in the strategies that the Government want to improve. Again talking from experience, Rwanda is still facing a problem with lack of customer service both in private and public sectors. The strategy that was taken in order to improve this issue was to ensure that tourism organisations introduce training for the employees. This aim would help both the organisations and employees. Tourism organisation will benefit by first of all success and also providing the best customer services they want towards their consumers. Employees will benefit by gaining the best skills and life experience that they can use in any organisations they may go to.   Customer service is very important mostly for tourism in Rwanda because it provides excellent and memorable support towards the consumers/tourist that may feel that Rwanda cannot provide, most especially tourist that go to Rwanda having an impression tha t the country is one of the third-world country. 5.1: Will tourism in Rwanda develop as planned by the government? Tourism in Rwanda will develop as planned by the government and this is because since 1994 when the genocide ended, the government had tried to do a lot of changes to the country in order to increase tourism, firstly by drafting   a ten year tourism master plan that contain strategies that will be followed in order to increase tourism, so far the government of Rwanda is continuing to follow its strategic plan in order to see whether Rwanda is recognised within world for its tourism development rather than being recognised for the civil war that took place. Besides the tourism master plan that was drafted by the country’s tourist board, they have what is called vision 2020. So far Rwanda is building new roads as mentioned above, new homes and business buildings which they think it will contribute towards the success of the economy and the plan where they want Rwanda to and look in 9 years time. Below is a short YouTube website that demonstrates 2020 master plan of how the strategy makers want Rwanda to look like. youtube.com/watch?v=jnvBDJA9Mug 5.2: Possible outcomes Conclusively, Rwanda is certainly reaping from the gorilla tourism and contributing to poverty reduction that was caused by the civil war. The image of the country has seriously improved straight after the strategies were put to action; first and foremost they had to ensure that gorilla tourism promotion was done since the gorillas are there main tourism product that generates the country’s economy. However, In order for the country to ensure that they are doing the right thing, the government of Rwanda should diversify its tourism products by establishing other tourism products that will complement the gorilla tourism.   Such as Lakes, the national parks, mountains and the memorial centres. More conservation efforts and community involved is also needed to ensure sustainable tourism development as mentioned in chapter 4. Focusing mainly on the internal and external issues that are affecting tourism in Rwanda, since Rwanda is seen to have excellent tourist attractions, one of the weaknesses seen is that they lack quality tourism products, for recommendation, Rwanda should provide more products and services to collaborate with its fascinating attractions. For example they should sell more and more traditional handicrafts, gametes and other products that would eye-catch mostly international tourist. As for services, hotel and other hospitality organisations nearby these attraction should ensure that they offer a high standard service towards the tourist because they deserve what they paid for and also by providing what the customers want, in order for these organisations to know what customers want, they should create customer feedback forms and provide them after each visitation of a tourist and then they will be able to know what customers want, do not want, what they prefer most and what they think s hould be changed in terms of improvements. That way tourism organisations should be able to know what they need to change in order to provide quality products and services.    References Journals Mazimhaka J, ‘Diversifying Rwandas tourism industry’ a role for domestic tourism  (September) 2007 24 (3) 491-504 Athiyaman, A and Robertson, R W ‘Strategic planning in large tourism firms; an empirical analysis’ Tourism management 1995 16 (3) 199. Taylor L, Allardyce M and Macpherson N ‘Attitude measurement for development of tourism marketing strategies’ Tourism attitudes and motivators (march) 1992 13 (1) 52. Dexter J.L. Choy ‘Alternative roles of national tourism organisations’ Government role in tourism   (October) 1993 14 (5) 362 Baum T, ’The development and implementation of national tourism policies’ Tourism management 1994 15 (3) 185 Fayos-Sola E, ‘Tourism Policy: a midsummer might’s dream?’ The development of tourism policy 1996 (17) 408 B.Teye.V, ‘Case study’ Strategic planning at the local level (December) 1992 13 (4) 408 Fayos-Sola.E, Marin.A and Meffert.C, ‘The strategic role of tourism trade fairs in the new age of tourism’ A strategy for the future (February) 1994 15 (1) 13 Athiyaman A, ‘The interface of tourism and strategy research: an analysis’ The subfields of strategy 1995 16 (6) 449 Books Chadwick.S, Beech.J, (2006) analysis of the business environment and strategy in tourism, what is strategy and why is important? Chp 9 pg 204/ Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2005:10) Exploring corporate strategy. Tribe.J, (1997) Corporate strategy for tourism, Cost leadership, chp 5 pg 110 Electronic Ngenzi, Yves Kome, Perceived barriers to tourism development in Rwanda as a tourist destination (2009). CPUT Theses Dissertations. Paper 29. Economy Envestiment. (n.d.). Retrieved 03 16, 2011, from Rwanda today: rwandatourism.com/economy.htm Lawler, G. (2010, 06 05). The Kwita Izina Event. Retrieved 03 18, 2011, from World Environment day annual kwita izina: kwitizina.org/ Murangwa, F. (2010, 11 01). Tourism issues and developments. Retrieved 03 18, 2011, from Adventure tourism, Gorilla trekking, the golden product for Rwanda!: tourism-master.nl/2010/11/01/adventure-tourism-gorilla-trekking-the-golden-product-for-rwanda/ Park, R. o. (2007, 04 24). Official lauch of Kwita Izina. Retrieved 03 18, 2011, from Rwanda Virtual Tours : rwandatourism.com/kwita_izina.htm Mark Saunders, P. L. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. London: Pitman . prescott, a. (2008, May 14). Advantages and Disavantages of Secondary Research. Retrieved 03 10, 2011, from http://prosandconsofsecondaryresearch.blogspot.com/: http://prosandconsofsecondaryresearch.blogspot.com/ surf surviours fund. (2008). Retrieved 03 10, 2011, from statistics on Rwanda: survivors-fund.org.uk/resources/history/statistics.php Times, T. N. (2009, 03 12). RDB drafts Tourism master plan. Retrieved 03 10, 2011, from Government Supporting Daily: http://allafrica.com/stories/200903130234.html

International Business Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Business Assignment - Essay Example For instance, Ricarodo-Millian viewpoint indicated, not only did the United States make productivity gains by free trade with Eastern nations even the Eastern nations were able to improve their per capita income, though only up to a fraction of the United States’ per capita income. Moreover, free trading nations could harness the potential of each other’s strengths in exchange for weaknesses. This concept emerged from the way United States traded for certain products, like agricultural produce and manufacturing, with Eastern nations that had huge potential for production of these items, it also exported electronic and technical goods to the Eastern nations that were relatively less evolved in terms of those goods. Classical economics about free trade proposes that such trading actually nullifies all potential imbalances that would eventually follow increased trading between nations. As per Ricardian principles, unemployment is temporary. However, this temporary phase ca nnot be defined as the US labor force has been experiencing job losses for more than 3 decades, which started when the US started free trade with neighboring nations through the NAFTA during 1994 by outsourcing manufacturing jobs to Mexico (Iyer, 2005). This resulted in loss of more than 750,000 jobs in the US. Considering that the same scenario continued with other NAFTA members such as the Philippines, Canada, and some European countries. This resulted in an increased number of exports from these countries into the US, thereby addressing all their economic deficit issues. Following job losses in the manufacturing units of the US, even the service industry began outsourcing jobs to Eastern developing countries like India. This increased job losses for most of the IT and IT enabled service personnel in the US. These shifts in economics and labor markets from economics perspective resulted in bringing about balance between different nations in terms of growth, GDP and per capita inco me. Samuelson (2004) asserts that free trade has only lowered the labor-market by clearing real wages because the market moved to places with high supply of labor at lower wages. However, Giddens (2011) points out that the global electronic economy provides such opportunities to individuals at one corner of the world to actually shake up what once seemed as rock-solid economies. Globalization has pushed many economies downwards by pressurizing local autonomy, as incase of the US and European companies. Some economists believed that job losses would not render people of the rich countries to be idle, but would push them harder towards new inventions, which would benefit their economy. Although inventions have happened in the US, these inventions were insufficient to provide jobs for all jobless people; this further increased economic inequalities in rich nations, like the US, too. Free trade policies have undoubtedly improved living standards of most of the people in developing natio ns, which has thus resulted in an increase in consumption, costs, and demand for manufactured products, natural resources and agricultural produces. Most of the developing nations have liberalized regulations on foreign direct investment, which has given greater push for retailers to expand into newer

Journal Review of this article - The consequences of visual impairment Essay

Journal Review of this article - The consequences of visual impairment for childrens symbolic and functional play - Essay Example is paper will analyze, the importance of vision or how the lack of vision through some visual impairment will affect the overall development of the children, through a journal, The consequences of visual impairment for children’s symbolic and functional play written by V. Lewis, S. Norgate, G. Collis and R. Reynolds. The crucial formative years only functions as a perfect setting for the child to develop physically, intellectually and emotionally. And with the eye playing the chief role, the children with visual impairment are put at a disadvantage and the journal justifies it through lot of studies and surveys about functional and symbolic plays. Functional play is defined as the appropriate play with toys, which are physically similar to everyday objects but often of a different size. While symbolic play is defined as the play, in which the children will participate, where they will substitute something for something else. The main aim of the studies carried out in this journal is to find out, the effect, visual impairment (VI) will have on the symbolic and functional play of the children. Other aims of the study include, to explore the relationships between functional and symbolic play and language ability as well as autistic-like behaviors in children with VI. By using the Symbolic Play Test (SPT) and by using the Test of Pretend Play (ToPP), the study confirmed the previously reported fact that delay in the development of pretend play occurs in children with VI. And the final results of this study have clearly demonstrated that children with VI are more likely to produce functional and symbolic play in structured settings only. But even in the structured settings, they will be at a great disadvantage if they are required to play with several objects at a time. So this article gives lot of views and results that gives new meanings and reasons. The reasons for the total absence or partial absence of functional and symbolic play in visually impaired children

Resolution of disputes by subcontractors through arbitration in FIDIC Dissertation

Resolution of disputes by subcontractors through arbitration in FIDIC construction - Dissertation Example If there is any delay beyond the deadline, it may cause financial losses to the employer and hence, he may claim damages from the contractor for the losses suffered due to late completion of the construction project. To avoid this , most of the construction contract forms will include a provision for the parties to the contract to agree upon on monthly or weekly or on a daily basis for delay due to the contactor which is known as liquidated and ascertained damages .(LAD). The main objective of LADs is to notify the employer’s prerogative to claim damages for the infringement of a condition by a contractor to finish the work within the deadline1. Unprecedented scenarios are unavoidable element of every construction contract. ... ld† (â€Å"D & B†) or an EPC (Engineering, Procurement and Construction) contract, which is a contractual arrangement thereby imposing the entire accountability for construction and design of the work on a contractor. The phrase â€Å"turnkey â€Å"refers that after the finishing up the work, the contractor is only hand over the key to the owner or the employer to start the operations of the constructed project2. Delays in construction contracts can be classified as excusable or non-excusable. Excusable delay means a delay which may justify an prolongation of performance of contract’s time and some examples of excusable delays are unpredictable weather, changes initiated by the employer, issues with the project designs, acts of god, delays in receiving equipments, which is supplied by the owner, varying or differing work-site conditions, delay due to awarding of contract and labour disputes. If the main contractor is eligible to claim time extension due to unpre dictable weather conditions, subcontractor may be also eligible to claim time extension if the subcontract contains a â€Å"flow down† clause thereby obligating the conditions in the main contract which is automatically applicable to the subcontract also and as it includes an analogues excusable delay provisions3. Under the non-excusable delay, the contractor bears the risk of outcome and cost, not only for himself but also for the resulting effect on the others like subcontractors also. Due to mismanagement, a main contractor may encounter delays, which will also the delay the work done by the subcontractor. In such cases, the main contractor may be accountable to the subcontractors but not to the employer. The notion of non-excusable delay is employed chiefly as a shield to turn down the request for claims for

Word history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Word history - Assignment Example This paper discusses fashion changes during the World War Two. In 1940, the general style that women adopted looked like U.S military uniforms in a big way. The color and the cut of the clothes they wore on the home front always resembled what soldiers wore while fighting in the Pacific and European theaters. The blouses and jackets they wore were more masculine and militarized with shoulder pads. The hats similarly resembled U.S Army berets (Wolfe web). During war time, women took up more labor-intensive works like flying military aircraft, working in shipyards, and driving truck. These works highly influenced how they wore as safety and practicality would take over their glamour and femininity. The popularity of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† meant that headscarf and slacks would become more stylish. The working class women dressed in silk pants for khaki jackets and blue jeans and high-heeled shoes. They also wore wraparound dresses with less adornments and their hair was pinned back to avoid it from getting caught by machineries (Monet web). With time, women’s clothing had to go with the rationing of certain materials used for military purposes. Silk and wool were in high demand for parachutes and uniforms, therefore, most civilians had to wear clothes made from rayon instead. To ensure that fabric was conserved, the manufacturers and dress makers started designing slimmer silhouettes and shorter skirts. Nylon would be available for civilian use only. Stockings disappeared shortly and women went barelegged. Within a period of four years, many women had joined workforce (Monet web). They demonstrated a lot of good skills, determination and patriotism and this undeniably impacted the fashion world. The people of Chavin first established the dominant civilization from 900 BCE and 200 BCE while Olmec’s people established the civilization in the centuries before 1200 BCE and declined around 400

Potter House Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Potter House - Case Study Example the right to enjoy the benefits of the property, to live and to use the property. B also has the right to share in the proceeds if the property is sold. The ownership of the property is divided into 2 components; legal title and beneficial ownership. The legal title can be ascertained by reference to the land register (assuming that the title registration has been effected) and those persons who hold the legal title are the trustees of the land. In this case, A, C and D are the trustees of the Potter House. The trustees are given wide powers i.e. to sell, to lease, or to mortgage the land. Under the law, the trustees are not allowed to benefit from the exercise of their powers in their capacity as trustees. The benefits of the home must be deflected to the beneficiaries. These rules apply even if the trustees and the beneficiaries are the same people. The House of Lords has accepted that a trust should be implied in all cases of co-ownership - Williams & Glyn's Bank v Boland [1981] AC 487, 503, per Lord Wilberforce. Under the English law, since 1925, joint tenancy has been the only form of co-ownership. Whereas there are two types of ownership for the beneficial ownership of the property i.e. 'beneficial joint tenants' or 'tenants in common'. From the facts of the case, it is clear that A, B, C and D has indicated to hold the property as beneficial joint tenants. In this case, each owner jointly own the entire property and technically the property is held by the owner in trust for himself. The owners do not have separate shares of the property each (unlike the case of property held under the title of tenants in common) and neither of the owners have a separate share in the property which they can sell or leave in a will. The consequence of having such a title to a property is that upon death of one party his interest passes automatically to the surviving owner and this means that the property cannot be transferred to another person by the deceased owner through a will or on intestacy, as it doe s not form part of the deceased's estate. When B, in 2000, aged 27, moved out from the house to a new job in Kent, he demanded from C and D immediate payment for his share in the Potter House. B later died and left all his property by will to his mother, X. As explained above, B owns the house jointly with A, C and D and each of them has no separate share to the Potter House. It is not possible for joint tenants to sever their legal ownership in the estate and convert them into tenancy in common. Severance of joint tenancy into tenancy in common can only be done with respect to the beneficial ownership. A person whose interest is severed will have his share quantified in accordance to the numbers of the joint tenants immediately prior to the severance taking place. In this case, A, B, C and D each has 25% of the interest in the Potter Hous

Word history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Word history - Assignment Example This paper discusses fashion changes during the World War Two. In 1940, the general style that women adopted looked like U.S military uniforms in a big way. The color and the cut of the clothes they wore on the home front always resembled what soldiers wore while fighting in the Pacific and European theaters. The blouses and jackets they wore were more masculine and militarized with shoulder pads. The hats similarly resembled U.S Army berets (Wolfe web). During war time, women took up more labor-intensive works like flying military aircraft, working in shipyards, and driving truck. These works highly influenced how they wore as safety and practicality would take over their glamour and femininity. The popularity of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† meant that headscarf and slacks would become more stylish. The working class women dressed in silk pants for khaki jackets and blue jeans and high-heeled shoes. They also wore wraparound dresses with less adornments and their hair was pinned back to avoid it from getting caught by machineries (Monet web). With time, women’s clothing had to go with the rationing of certain materials used for military purposes. Silk and wool were in high demand for parachutes and uniforms, therefore, most civilians had to wear clothes made from rayon instead. To ensure that fabric was conserved, the manufacturers and dress makers started designing slimmer silhouettes and shorter skirts. Nylon would be available for civilian use only. Stockings disappeared shortly and women went barelegged. Within a period of four years, many women had joined workforce (Monet web). They demonstrated a lot of good skills, determination and patriotism and this undeniably impacted the fashion world. The people of Chavin first established the dominant civilization from 900 BCE and 200 BCE while Olmec’s people established the civilization in the centuries before 1200 BCE and declined around 400

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Critique - Essay Example The paper is critique based on her book about online writing classes and whether the approach is beneficial to the learners (Kiefer, 2007). Kate Kiefer’s article discusses the various reasons on how it is challenging to teach writing online compared to face to face interaction between the learners and the teacher. She argues that teaching writing in small classes help to manage classes while at the same time provide learners with multiple opportunities and ready feedback targeting their effectiveness in writing. Basing on her experience in teaching languages especially writing, I believe that she has written a strong article with very supportive arguments. However, the article seems to be in support of teaching writing through face to face interactions rather than teaching writing online (Kiefer, 2007). The author argues that teachers who teach writing value shared classroom interactions for a number of reasons. She explains that students are more motivated when they recognize learning community and are more likely to chat and share with colleagues in classroom than when they are alone and learning online. The author asserts that writing cannot take place in a vacuum. She explains that classroom or face to face learning enables students to engage and interact with one another. In addition, students are able to help each other and learn from colleagues on how to improve as writers as well as readers. The depth of conversation about texts and writing further develops the potential of each writer. She argues that writing engagement encourages acquisition of writing skills that can be applied in all classrooms as well as other applications beyond academy (Kiefer, 2007). She states that the preconceptions of the students about their roles in online courses as well as technological chall enges have worked against important interactions in online classes. I agree with the author’s argument